Names & Taxonomy

Uniprot ID:
P47989
Entry Name:
XDH_HUMAN
Status:
reviewed
Protein Names:
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) (EC 1.17.1.4); Xanthine oxidase (XO) (EC 1.17.3.2) (Xanthine oxidoreductase) (XOR)]
Gene Names:
XDH XDHA
Gene Names Primary:
XDH
Organism:
Homo sapiens (Human)

Structure

Length:
1333
Sequence:
MTADKLVFFVNGRKVVEKNADPETTLLAYLRRKLGLSGTKLGCGEGGCGACTVMLSKYDRLQNKIVHFSANACLAPICSLHHVAVTTVEGIGSTKTRLHPVQERIAKSHGSQCGFCTPGIVMSMYTLLRNQPEPTMEEIENAFQGNLCRCTGYRPILQGFRTFARDGGCCGGDGNNPNCCMNQKKDHSVSLSPSLFKPEEFTPLDPTQEPIFPPELLRLKDTPRKQLRFEGERVTWIQASTLKELLDLKAQHPDAKLVVGNTEIGIEMKFKNMLFPMIVCPAWIPELNSVEHGPDGISFGAACPLSIVEKTLVDAVAKLPAQKTEVFRGVLEQLRWFAGKQVKSVASVGGNIITASPISDLNPVFMASGAKLTLVSRGTRRTVQMDHTFFPGYRKTLLSPEEILLSIEIPYSREGEYFSAFKQASRREDDIAKVTSGMRVLFKPGTTEVQELALCYGGMANRTISALKTTQRQLSKLWKEELLQDVCAGLAEELHLPPDAPGGMVDFRCTLTLSFFFKFYLTVLQKLGQENLEDKCGKLDPTFASATLLFQKDPPADVQLFQEVPKGQSEEDMVGRPLPHLAADMQASGEAVYCDDIPRYENELSLRLVTSTRAHAKIKSIDTSEAKKVPGFVCFISADDVPGSNITGICNDETVFAKDKVTCVGHIIGAVVADTPEHTQRAAQGVKITYEELPAIITIEDAIKNNSFYGPELKIEKGDLKKGFSEADNVVSGEIYIGGQEHFYLETHCTIAVPKGEAGEMELFVSTQNTMKTQSFVAKMLGVPANRIVVRVKRMGGGFGGKETRSTVVSTAVALAAYKTGRPVRCMLDRDEDMLITGGRHPFLARYKVGFMKTGTVVALEVDHFSNVGNTQDLSQSIMERALFHMDNCYKIPNIRGTGRLCKTNLPSNTAFRGFGGPQGMLIAECWMSEVAVTCGMPAEEVRRKNLYKEGDLTHFNQKLEGFTLPRCWEECLASSQYHARKSEVDKFNKENCWKKRGLCIIPTKFGISFTVPFLNQAGALLHVYTDGSVLLTHGGTEMGQGLHTKMVQVASRALKIPTSKIYISETSTNTVPNTSPTAASVSADLNGQAVYAACQTILKRLEPYKKKNPSGSWEDWVTAAYMDTVSLSATGFYRTPNLGYSFETNSGNPFHYFSYGVACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNLRTDIVMDVGSSLNPAIDIGQVEGAFVQGLGLFTLEELHYSPEGSLHTRGPSTYKIPAFGSIPIEFRVSLLRDCPNKKAIYASKAVGEPPLFLAASIFFAIKDAIRAARAQHTGNNVKELFRLDSPATPEKIRNACVDKFTTLCVTGVPENCKPWSVRV
Proteomes:
UP000005640

Subcellular location

Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasm

Function

Function:
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).
Catalytic Activity:
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
Cofactor:
COFACTOR: Name= cluster; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:49601;
Enzyme Regulation:
ENZYME REGULATION: Can be converted from the dehydrogenase form (D) to the oxidase form (O) irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups.
Active Site:
ACT_SITE 1262 1262 Proton acceptor.
Cross Reference Drug Bank:
DB00041 DB00437 DB00993 DB00958 DB01136 DB00856 DB00515 DB00694 DB00746 DB00997 DB04854 DB03147 DB00583 DB00170 DB01033 DB00336 DB01168 DB00339 DB00127 DB00831
Gene Ontology Go:
cytosol
extracellular space
peroxisome
sarcoplasmic reticulum
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
electron carrier activity
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
iron ion binding
molybdopterin cofactor binding
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
protein homodimerization activity
xanthine dehydrogenase activity
xanthine oxidase activity
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
lactation
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway
negative regulation of vasculogenesis
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
purine nucleobase metabolic process
purine nucleotide catabolic process
small molecule metabolic process
xanthine catabolic process
Gene Ontology Biological Process:
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
lactation
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway
negative regulation of vasculogenesis
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
purine nucleobase metabolic process
purine nucleotide catabolic process
small molecule metabolic process
xanthine catabolic process
Gene Ontology Molecular Function:
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
electron carrier activity
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
iron ion binding
molybdopterin cofactor binding
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
protein homodimerization activity
xanthine dehydrogenase activity
xanthine oxidase activity
Gene Ontology Cellular Component:
cytosol
extracellular space
peroxisome
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Keywords:
2Fe-2S
3D-structure
Complete proteome
Cytoplasm
Disease mutation
Disulfide bond
FAD
Flavoprotein
Glycoprotein
Iron
Iron-sulfur
Metal-binding
Molybdenum
NAD
Oxidoreductase
Peroxisome
Polymorphism
Reference proteome
Secreted

Publication

PubMed ID:
8224915 8135849 8670112 9153281 10844591 18780401 24275569 17301077 11379872 14551354 16959974