Names & Taxonomy
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NS18
- Entry Name:
- GLRX2_HUMAN
- Status:
- reviewed
- Protein Names:
- Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial
- Gene Names:
- GLRX2 GRX2 CGI-133
- Gene Names Orf:
- CGI-133
- Gene Names Primary:
- GLRX2
- Organism:
- Homo sapiens (Human)
Structure
- Length:
- 164
- Sequence:
- MIWRRAALAGTRLVWSRSGSAGWLDRAAGAAGAAAAAASGMESNTSSSLENLATAPVNQIQETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLLEYGNQFQDALYKMTGERTVPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKRKEFQ
- Proteomes:
- UP000005640
Subcellular location
- Subcellular Location:
- Isoform 1: Mitochondrion.; Isoform 2: Nucleus.
Function
- Function:
- Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release.
- Kinetics:
- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES: Kinetic parameters: KM=5.9 mM for GSH
- Enzyme Regulation:
- ENZYME REGULATION: The 2Fe-2S present in the homodimer leads to inactivation of the enzyme. The 2Fe-2S may serve as a redox sensor: the presence of one-electron oxidants or reductants leading to the loss of the 2Fe-2S cluster, subsequent monomerization and activation of the enzyme. Unlike other glutaredoxins, it is not inhibited by oxidation of structural Cys residues.
- Cross Reference Drug Bank:
- DB00143
- Gene Ontology Go:
- dendrite
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
mitochondrial matrix
mitochondrion
neuronal cell body
nucleoplasm
nucleus
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity
electron carrier activity
glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity
metal ion binding
protein disulfide isomerase activity
protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
aging
apoptotic process
cell differentiation
cell redox homeostasis
cellular response to superoxide
DNA protection
glutathione metabolic process
protein folding
regulation of signal transduction
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
response to hydrogen peroxide
response to organic substance
response to redox state
response to temperature stimulus - Gene Ontology Biological Process:
- aging
apoptotic process
cell differentiation
cell redox homeostasis
cellular response to superoxide
DNA protection
glutathione metabolic process
protein folding
regulation of signal transduction
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
response to hydrogen peroxide
response to organic substance
response to redox state
response to temperature stimulus - Gene Ontology Molecular Function:
- 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity
electron carrier activity
glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity
metal ion binding
protein disulfide isomerase activity
protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity - Gene Ontology Cellular Component:
- dendrite
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
mitochondrial matrix
mitochondrion
neuronal cell body
nucleoplasm
nucleus - Keywords:
- 2Fe-2S
3D-structure
Alternative splicing
Complete proteome
Disulfide bond
Electron transport
Glutathionylation
Iron
Iron-sulfur
Metal-binding
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Polymorphism
Redox-active center
Reference proteome
Transit peptide
Transport